Pharmahunt

HYPERTENSION  Hypertension is a very common disorder  particularly in past middle age..  Hypertension itself is not a disease, But a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality or mobility..  Hypertension is also known as (High Blood Pressure) .. Blood pressure is the force of  your blood pushing , against the wall of the artries..  The normal range of blood pressure is 120/80mmHg.. High Blood pressure or Hypertension is the condition, In which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure .. Hypertension is a seriously mental health condition increased the risk of Stroke, brain, kidney and other problems ..  It is a major cause of premature death worldwide with upwards of 1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women .. * What are the symptoms of hypertension   Dizziness   Highblood pressure   Nausea   Vomiting   Irregular heartbeat   Mental confusion *What causes Hypertension . High salt in you...

(1)Avoid smoking  As we all know, smoking is one of the major cause of most of the diseases like cancer,Asthma and also it's the cause of weak immunity..  If you want to make your immune system strong ,you have to avoid smoking..  (2)Eat a diet high in fruit and vegetables  High fruit diet and green vegetables are very helpful in immunity boosting and they are also helpful to fight with many disease..  ( 3 ) Zinc  Zinc is one of the best mineral for immunity boosting .. (4)Drink lemon water and warm water  Lemon water is help to fight with many health problems .. " 1 galss of lemon water in a day avoid many health problems" Warm water is very helpful in problems like coughing ,sneezing.. Drink "1 glass warm water in a morning ,treats many of ur health issues" and make u feel energetic and relax..    (5) Spinach, citrus fruit  These are very helpful to boosts immunity  And also used in ...

What is malaria?  Malaria is a disease caused by the plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquito .. There are four species of ( protozoal parasite Plasmodium) 'P. Falcipuram'   'P. Vivax'  'P. ovale'      'P. malariae' In india, the national malaria Eradication programe (NMEP)started in 1958,appears complete disappearance of the disease in 1960s to 0.1m cases in 1960.. The NMEP was renamed national antimalaria programme (NAMP) Which now is national vector bone disease control programme (NVBDCP) with a wider disease coverage.. What are the Symptoms of malaria ?  . Fever   . Fatigue   . Nausea   . Vomiting   . Headache   .Sweating   .Shivering  What are the Best Medicines for the treatment of malaria ? .Artemisin  .primaquine .Chloroquine  .Mefloquine .Artemether .Proguanil .Antifolate Anti-malarial therapy is given in the foll...

Tuberculosis  Tuberculosis is a granulomatous(structure found during inflammation) chronic disease caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis..  About 1/3rth of the world population with this disease.. In which 10-15% develop disease over life time..  India was the highest contributor with 2.2m cases in 2014.. In 2012,the government of india has declared TB to a notifiable disease,So that any doctor who treats a TB patients has to notify it to the government..  Medication used in tuberculosis  First line drugs   This drugs have high antitubercular efficacy as well as low toxicity are used routinely .. These are the most potent and tolerated best oral drugs  Example  . Isoniazid  .Ethambutol .pyrazinamide .Rifampin Second line drug   These drugs have either low antituberculae efficacy or higher toxicity or both and are used, when the first line drug cannot be used or to supplement them..  These are less eff...

Leprosy  Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium liprae.. It mainly affect your skin, mucus membrane..   It has been considered as incurable since ages.. But now due to availablity of some medication ,it is entirely curable  but deformities /defects already incurred may reserve .. According to WHO,Classified as 1-Paucibacillary leprosy - Patient has few bacilli and is non infectious  It includes the TT and BT types..  2-Multibacillary Leprosy -Pateint has large bacilli load and infectious.. It includes the LL, BL and BB types..  Classification of antileprotic drugs  (1)Sulfone -  Dapsone  (2)Phenazine derivative - Clofazimine  (3)Anti-tubercular- Rifampin, Ethionamide  (4)other antibiotics - ofloxazin Moxifloaxzin, Monocycline, Clarithrycin  Dapsone It is a diamo diphenyl sulfone..  It is a Simplest ,oldest, cheapest and most effective and commonly used class of sulfone..  Mech...

Angina (Ischemic angina)  It is a chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart .. It is also called angina pectoris  Angina pectoris  It is a pain syndrome due to induction of an adverse oxygen supply/demand situation in a proportion of the myocardium.. Types of angina  (1)-Classical angina(Stable angina)  - Attacks are predicatbly provoked by exercise, ,eating cotious ..when the increased energy demand is withdrwan..  (2) - Varient /Prinzmetal/Vasopastic angina Attacks occur at rest during sleep and are unpredictables..  (3)-Unstable angina - Increase in duration and severity of attacks ,which may occur even during rest .. Mostly due to rupture of an antheromatous plaque attacking platelets. Classification of drugs - .Terminate attacks - Nitrates  .Used for chronic prophylaxis - other drugs    (1)- Nitrates   Nitrates dilate the veins more than artries, peripheral pooling of blood and decreased...

Cough It is protective reflex,and its a sudden expulsion of respiratory secretion and foreign particles from air passage..  It mainly occurs due to the stimulation of mechano or chemoreceptor in throat and respiratory passage..  Demulscent ( Agent that   Reliving pain and inflammation) Pharyngeal demulscent soothe the throat and reduce afferent impulses from the inflammed /irritated pharyngeal mucosa, thus provide sympatominetic relief in dry cough arising from throat..  Expectorant (Mucokinetics)  Thses are the drugs believed to increase bronchiol secretion or reduce its viscosity fascilating its removal by coughing..  Mucolytics drugs  . Bromhexine .Ambroxol  Acetylcysteine  .Carbocisteine Anti-tussive  Act in the CNS raise the threshold of cough centre or act peripherally in the respiratory tract to reduce tussal impulses or both tissue actions..  Opoid antitusive  .Codeine .Ethylmorphine Non opoid antitusive...

Dexamethasone  Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid..   Very potent and highly selective glucocorticoid drug..  US researcher found that Dexamethasone can save patients from death due to corona virus (covid -19)..  Deaxamethasone cut the risk of death by 1/3 for those patient on ventilators and on oxygen it cut the death rate by 1/5 this study is given by' Peter hobby' student of oxford university.. Mode of action  Corticosteroids penetrate cell and binds to a high affinity cytoplasmic receptor complex that allow its migration and binding to glucocorticood response element (GRE) of specific mRNA..  It is long acting ,causes pitiutary  adrenal suppresion .. Dose   . 0.5-5mg/day (oral route)  .For edema cerbal 4-20mg/ day Uses  .It help to relieves in various parts of body  .It is used to treat swelling allergic reactions skin problems arthritis kidney..  .It is also used to treat certain type of cancers.....

Clinical trials When the world is suffering from this pandemic and waiting for the vaccine, the researchers and scientist working hard to make covid-19 vaccine..  But all vaccine are in their phases of clinical trials.. After the successful completion of trials, vaccine is approved from higher authorities.. Before the clinincal trial, their is a preclinical trials In which the drug susbstance or sample,we made is tested on animals.. Only after the successful completion of preclinical trials..The drug sample is approved for clinical trials..  What is clinical trials?  The first proper clinical trial was conducted by the physician Linb.. Clinical trial is a systematic investigation in human subjects for evaluating the safety and efficacy of a new new drug substance..  There are 4 phases of clinical trials..     Phase 0   .Microdosing study    .Not been technally fully developed   . Nor mendatory    .Less than 1/...

Digoxin It is the source of digitalis lonata..  Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside drug  And have cardiac inotropic property.. It contain aglycone part that are attached to one or more sugar(glucose or degitoxoce) ..  The aglycone part contain cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene Sterioid ring.. It is the only drug that are used to treat heart failure (Congestive heart failure) . .  Mode of action  Increases the contractality of the heart muscle, by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme (ATPase)  And controls the movement of calcium, sodium, potassium into heart muscle..  Increases cardiac output with a subsquent decreases in ventricular filling pressure..  Pharmacokinetic   Route - oral , iv Absorbed -60-80% Dose - 0.125-0.5% Protein binding -25% Elimination -35% Pharmacological actions  .Heart - Direct effect on myocardial         contractility  . Blood vessels -Decrease peripheral    ...

Favipiravir(Fabiflu)  is an anti viral medication used to treat influenza in japan..  It is a pyrazine carboxamide derivative..  Glanmerk pharmaceutical claim that,the drug has been used to treat mild to moderate symptoms of coronavirus..  It has a broad spectrum of activity and  protection against RNA virus and in clinical trials, it has shown effectiveness across age of 20 to 90 years of patient..  Mode of action   It target RNA polymerase ,the enzyme that helps the multiplication of the viral RNA in the body..  Adverse effect   1-Dizziness  2-Diarhhea  3-Abdominal Pain  4-Rashes  5-throat pain Dose   200 mg tablet 

It is obtained from strptomyces Nodous.  It is Amphoteric in nature  Mechanism of action Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane ,forms pores in cell membrane ,cell content leak out and cell death  Antifungal spectrum   Aspergillus  Blastmyces dermatitidis  Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans  Resistance   Replacement of ergosterol by other sterols in fungal plasma membrane..  Pharmacokinetic   Poorly absorbed orally  Insoluble in water ,so colloidal suspension prepared with sodium deoxycholate  Protein bounding - 90% bound to plasma products (proteins)  Metabolised in liver slowly excreted in urine..  Administration and Dose   Systemic mycosis : Iv route  50mg vial- Suspended in 10ml H20 and the dil with 500 ml glucose..  0.5mg/kg to 1mg/kg Vaginitis :Topical  Otomycosis :3% drops  Adverse effects  Fever  Headache  Nausea  Vomiting...

Tetracycline   It is a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four rings..  They are bitter solids and are slightly water soluble..  Tetracycline classification   Short acting -Tetracycline oxytetracyclime  Intermediate acting -Democlocycline  Long Acting -Doxycycline, Minocycline  Mechanism of action   Tetracycline are specific inhibitors of bacterial protein Synthesis..  They bind to the 30s ribosomal subunit and thereby prevent the binding of aminoacyl plus RNA to the mRNA ribosome complex..  They also inhibit protein synthesis in the host, but areless likely to reach the concentration required because eucaryoticcls don't have tetracycline upateke mechanism..  Spectrum of Activity   Broad spectrum antibiotic active agianst gram positive and gram negative bacteria, spirochetes mycoplasma..  Pharmacokinetic   Orally absorbed The capsule shoud be taken 1 or 2 hour before food..  60-70% ab...

Zidovudine   It is the first antiviral drug used in HIV..  It is the thymidine analogue..  Mechanism of action   Inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase, that HIV uses to make DNA and therefore decreases replication of the virus..  Pharmcokinetic   Route -By mouth, Iv rectal  Suppository  Complete absorption  PB (30 to 38%) Metablosied in liver Adverse affect   Headache  Nausea  vomiting  Anorexia  Insmonia  Hepatitis  Myosites  Bone marrow toxicity  Uses   Mainly used for the treatment if HlV Decreases rate of progression and prolong survival.. Prevents mother to newborn transmission of HlV..

Drug interaction is refers to a modification of response by another drug when they are administerd simutaniously or in quick session ..The response is either increased or decreased in intensity, sometimes abnormal different type of response is recorded .. Higher chances of drug interaction seen when a person is taking more than one drug at same time for different problems .. Drug given in combinations also, and they worked very well but those drugs have been selected and has complement  with each other .. More commonly multiple drugs are used to treat patient who is suffering from two or more diseases ..like hypertension and disbeties .. The chance of unintented effect are greater..  The severity in most cases is highly unpredictable.. However, the doctor must know which drug are not prescribe cocurrently.. Ex-Anti hypertensive, Diabetes, Anti anginal, Anti asthmatic..  The physician may prescribed certain drug for an incurrent illness, which may interact with those...

Virus are not proper lying organism but consist of genome (DNA or RNA).. They are smaller in size with simple chemical composition .. These are stored in capsule made up of protein and covered with lipid layer  The viruses  only replicate within the host cell and the viral replication depends on the metabolic process of the individual cell..  Viruses doesn't pass the cell wall but they RNA or DNA enclosed in a cell of protein called Capsid.. From the past 50 years,virus are detected have been identified in the infected cell and some viruses have their own which may have higher affinity for some antimetabolites..  Various drugs have been developed which targeted ,virus specific steps like cell penetration, uncoating reverse transcription etc.. Drugs are different for differ kind of viruses..  Drugs for non reterovial   1-Anti-herpes virus - Idoxuridine, Acyclovir 2-Anti-hepatitis drug For hepatitis B -Lamavudine, Tenofour  For hepatitis ...

This problem is very normal From last few months, Due to covid-19 'All school colleges were closed last 4 months Students taking online classes, mostly people do work from home beacuse of the excess use of phones laptops,Eye gets the high pressure, and it may cause glaucoma...  Glau coma  is a eye problem,where the nerve connecting, the eye to the brain is damaged, mainly due to high pressure on eye..  Symptoms include like blurred vision ,Eye pain with nausea ,vision loss..  Eye protection   1-Always use your phone with some distance  2-Eat green vegetables ND healthy food  3-Take vitamin B and  B12(dietry source)  4-Exercise daily  5- Use eye drops prescribed by doctor  6-Taking supplements of folic acids  7- Reduce pressure on eyes .. Treatment   of glaucoma   Eye drop  Laser surgery  Medication(Beta blockers)

Migraine is a mental disorder characterized by severe headache usually restricted to    one side of your head.. Nowadays migraine seems to be normal problem of people's..   But if you are not taking this seriously this problem become dengerous and maybe life threatening ..  Symptoms include like nausea, vomiting sensitivity to light, flash right, loose Motions ,reduce hunger..  The main cause of migraine is continous headache, over thinking .. There are mainly two types of migraine  1-Migraine (Classical migraine) -Headache is processed by visual or other  neurological symptoms  .. 2-Migraine (common migraine) -immediate pain cause because of dilation of cranial blood vessels..  Drug therapy for migraine has to be individualized ,severity and frequency of attack and response of individual patient to drug used to determine the choice..  Mild migraine - Once attack in Month tolerable attack ...  Sim...

Chloroquine is an anti malarial drug..  It is also known as chloroquine phosphate  Recently"Doctors found that Hydroxy chloroquine is  used in the treatment of coronavirus ,and it shows good result in the recover of  covid patients.. Hydroxy chloroquine reduce fever and fever is the main symptom of corona virus..  India supply chloroquine to many countries including Italy, America..  Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug that used to treat high fever caused by the mosquito bite ..  Hydroxy chloroquine is the metabolite of chloroquine , it is less toxic used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.. Mode of action  There is no well known action of chloroquine ' chloroquine used to inhibit the formation of hemozoin (HZ) from the released heam by the digestion of hemoglobin in there acidic vocule ..  The free heam then lysis membrane and leads to parasite death..  USES 1-Hepatic amoebiasis  2-Giardiasis  3-Clonorchis ...

Plasma is the 'yellowish liquid 'component  of the blood that carries cells and proteins throught the body..It holds the blood cells of whole blood in suspension.. It makes up about half of the body's total blood volume  It takes (55%) of blood volume.. In which 92% is water and rest of proteins, minerals,salts.. How does plasma useful to covid -19 patient in recovery  If you recover from the novel corona virus so, you are able to donate the plasma..  Because you are suffering from coronavirus(Covid -19) and you totally recover ,your blood plasma contains antibodies, these antibodies help the other patient to fight against corona virus and the patient recover soon ..  This treatment is still working and people gets good results..  Delhi open it's first plasma bank in India  You have chance to save other person life..  There is no need to be scareed for the plasma donation.. You don't need to face any problem.. If you donat...