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Showing posts from August, 2020

Drug for cough

Cough It is protective reflex,and its a sudden expulsion of respiratory secretion and foreign particles from air passage.. It mainly occurs due to the stimulation of mechano or chemoreceptor in throat and respiratory passage.. Demulscent ( Agent that Reliving pain and inflammation) Pharyngeal demulscent soothe the throat and reduce afferent impulses from the inflammed /irritated pharyngeal mucosa, thus provide sympatominetic relief in dry cough arising from throat.. Expectorant (Mucokinetics) Thses are the drugs believed to increase bronchiol secretion or reduce its viscosity fascilating its removal by coughing.. Mucolytics drugs . Bromhexine .Ambroxol Acetylcysteine .Carbocisteine Anti-tussive Act in the CNS raise the threshold of cough centre or act peripherally in the respiratory tract to reduce tussal impulses or both tissue actions.. Opoid antitusive .Codeine .Ethylmorphine Non opoid antitusive .Noscapine (Narcotine) .Dextromethomorphone .Chlophrnidol

Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid.. Very potent and highly selective glucocorticoid drug.. US researcher found that Dexamethasone can save patients from death due to corona virus (covid -19).. Deaxamethasone cut the risk of death by 1/3 for those patient on ventilators and on oxygen it cut the death rate by 1/5 this study is given by' Peter hobby' student of oxford university.. Mode of action Corticosteroids penetrate cell and binds to a high affinity cytoplasmic receptor complex that allow its migration and binding to glucocorticood response element (GRE) of specific mRNA.. It is long acting ,causes pitiutary adrenal suppresion .. Dose . 0.5-5mg/day (oral route) .For edema cerbal 4-20mg/ day Uses .It help to relieves in various parts of body .It is used to treat swelling allergic reactions skin problems arthritis kidney.. .It is also used to treat certain type of cancers.. Adverese effect Mineralocorticoid- Sodium water retention, e

Clinical trials

Clinical trials When the world is suffering from this pandemic and waiting for the vaccine, the researchers and scientist working hard to make covid-19 vaccine.. But all vaccine are in their phases of clinical trials.. After the successful completion of trials, vaccine is approved from higher authorities.. Before the clinincal trial, their is a preclinical trials In which the drug susbstance or sample,we made is tested on animals.. Only after the successful completion of preclinical trials..The drug sample is approved for clinical trials.. What is clinical trials? The first proper clinical trial was conducted by the physician Linb.. Clinical trial is a systematic investigation in human subjects for evaluating the safety and efficacy of a new new drug substance.. There are 4 phases of clinical trials.. Phase 0 .Microdosing study .Not been technally fully developed . Nor mendatory .Less than 1/100 .To obtain preliminary pharmacokinetic data.. Phas

Cardiac glycoside drug (Digoxin)

Digoxin It is the source of digitalis lonata.. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside drug And have cardiac inotropic property.. It contain aglycone part that are attached to one or more sugar(glucose or degitoxoce) .. The aglycone part contain cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene Sterioid ring.. It is the only drug that are used to treat heart failure (Congestive heart failure) . . Mode of action Increases the contractality of the heart muscle, by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme (ATPase) And controls the movement of calcium, sodium, potassium into heart muscle.. Increases cardiac output with a subsquent decreases in ventricular filling pressure.. Pharmacokinetic Route - oral , iv Absorbed -60-80% Dose - 0.125-0.5% Protein binding -25% Elimination -35% Pharmacological actions .Heart - Direct effect on myocardial contractility . Blood vessels -Decrease peripheral resistance . kidney -causes diuresis . CNS - little effect on Interactions .Hypokelemia

Favipiravir(Fabiflu)

Favipiravir(Fabiflu) is an anti viral medication used to treat influenza in japan.. It is a pyrazine carboxamide derivative.. Glanmerk pharmaceutical claim that,the drug has been used to treat mild to moderate symptoms of coronavirus.. It has a broad spectrum of activity and protection against RNA virus and in clinical trials, it has shown effectiveness across age of 20 to 90 years of patient.. Mode of action It target RNA polymerase ,the enzyme that helps the multiplication of the viral RNA in the body.. Adverse effect 1-Dizziness 2-Diarhhea 3-Abdominal Pain 4-Rashes 5-throat pain Dose 200 mg tablet

Amphotericin B

It is obtained from strptomyces Nodous. It is Amphoteric in nature Mechanism of action Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane ,forms pores in cell membrane ,cell content leak out and cell death Antifungal spectrum Aspergillus Blastmyces dermatitidis Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Resistance Replacement of ergosterol by other sterols in fungal plasma membrane.. Pharmacokinetic Poorly absorbed orally Insoluble in water ,so colloidal suspension prepared with sodium deoxycholate Protein bounding - 90% bound to plasma products (proteins) Metabolised in liver slowly excreted in urine.. Administration and Dose Systemic mycosis : Iv route 50mg vial- Suspended in 10ml H20 and the dil with 500 ml glucose.. 0.5mg/kg to 1mg/kg Vaginitis :Topical Otomycosis :3% drops Adverse effects Fever Headache Nausea Vomiting Can be treated with hydrocortisone o.6mg/kg.. Uses Nephrotoxicity Hypokalemia CNS Toxicity Hepatotoxicity rarely

Tetracycline

Tetracycline It is a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four rings.. They are bitter solids and are slightly water soluble.. Tetracycline classification Short acting -Tetracycline oxytetracyclime Intermediate acting -Democlocycline Long Acting -Doxycycline, Minocycline Mechanism of action Tetracycline are specific inhibitors of bacterial protein Synthesis.. They bind to the 30s ribosomal subunit and thereby prevent the binding of aminoacyl plus RNA to the mRNA ribosome complex.. They also inhibit protein synthesis in the host, but areless likely to reach the concentration required because eucaryoticcls don't have tetracycline upateke mechanism.. Spectrum of Activity Broad spectrum antibiotic active agianst gram positive and gram negative bacteria, spirochetes mycoplasma.. Pharmacokinetic Orally absorbed The capsule shoud be taken 1 or 2 hour before food.. 60-70% absorbed Adverse drug effects Nausea Sore throats Headache Photo

Zidovudine

Zidovudine It is the first antiviral drug used in HIV.. It is the thymidine analogue.. Mechanism of action Inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase, that HIV uses to make DNA and therefore decreases replication of the virus.. Pharmcokinetic Route -By mouth, Iv rectal Suppository Complete absorption PB (30 to 38%) Metablosied in liver Adverse affect Headache Nausea vomiting Anorexia Insmonia Hepatitis Myosites Bone marrow toxicity Uses Mainly used for the treatment if HlV Decreases rate of progression and prolong survival.. Prevents mother to newborn transmission of HlV..